Friday, July 19, 2019

IRON -CARBON EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM

 

    This diagram is key diagram to explain transformation in alloys from pure iron to iron carbide {cementite}. This diagram has been drawn up to 6.67% carbon concentration beyond who is diagram is of little commercial significance.



Few important points and lines of this diagram are as follows:
   Point,.  A-- 1539℃,(melting point (pure iron)
                 B--1493℃; 0.5%C
                 E--1493℃; 01%C
                 F--1493℃;0 16%C
                 G--1401℃
                 M--723℃ ;0.25%C
ABCD represent the liquidus line.
AEFHCJD represent the solidus line.
EFB represent periye tic reaction taking place at constant temperature 1493℃.
   
      Steel contain (0-2)%carbon. 
      Cast iron content (2-6.67)% carbon. 
      Hypoeutectoid steel Steel contain                   (0-0.8)%C .
       Hypereutectoid Steel content (0.82-2)% carbon .
      Hypoeutectic cast iron contains                     (2.0-4.3)% carbon. 
      Eutectic cast iron content 4.3% carbon
      Hypoeutectic cast iron contains (4.32 -6.67)% carbon.
   
 Few critical temperature of this diagram 
         
    A0(210℃)---Above this temperature paramagnetic property change to feroimagnetic.

    A1(723℃)---Eutectic temperature below which austenite is unstable and eutectic mixture of ferrite and cementite {called parlite} forms in case of 0.8% Carbon Steel.

    A2(768℃)---Ferromagnetic Alpha iron changes to paramagnetic Alpha iron which exist upto 910℃.

    A3(910℃)---From 910℃ to 1401℃ paramagnetic gama iron exists.

    A4(1401℃)---At this temperature paramagnetic guma iron  transform to Alpha iron which is also paramagnetic and having B.C.C structure.

   There are three invariant point taking different reaction:
 


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Wednesday, July 10, 2019

PROCESS OF HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

Heat treatment is an improtent operation in the manufacturing  process of machine parts  and tools. Only by the heat treatment is it possible to impart the high mechanical properties to steel required for the normal operation of morden machinery and tools.Heat tretment may be undertaken for the
following purposes:
        (1)Relieving internal stresses.
        (2)Improvent in ductility .
        (3)Refinment of grain size .
        (4)Increasing hardness or tensile strength and achieving changes in chemical compositionof metal surface as in the case of case of case hardening.



SOME IMPROTENT HEAT TRETMENT PROCESS

         (A)Stress Relieving--The process of stress reliving consist of heating  steel unifromly to atemperature below the lower critical temperature , holding at this temperature for suficient time , followed by uifrom cooling. Unifrom cooling is of utmost  improtance as non-unifrom cooling will itself result in the development of internal stresses.For plain carbon steels and low aloy alloy sttels,maximum stress releving temperature is generally limited to about 600 degree celcius. Higher temperatures are employed for high alloy steels. Hardened and tempered steels, if service conditions demand ,can be stress relived by heating up to a temperature which is lower thane temperaing temperature by 25-30 degree Celsius .The extent to which stresses can be relieved depend on the temperature employed and holding time.

        (B)Annealing--Annealing is one of the most improtent widely-used operations in the heat tretment of steel.The  purpose of  annealing is to obtain softness, improve machinability increase or restore ductility and toughness , relive internal stress,reduce or eliminate structural inhomogeneity, refine grain size and to prepare steel for  subsequent  heat tretment. There are several types of annealing.
                         *Full Annealing
                        *Isotermal Annealing
                         *Diffusion Annealing
                        *Partial Annealing
                         *Recrystallization Annealling
                        *Process Annealing






















   



      (C)Normalizing--Normalizing is a process of heating steel to about  40-50 degre celcius above uper critical temperature ,holding for proper time ,andthen cooling in still air or slightly agitated air to room temperature.In special casas,cooling rate can be controlled either by changing air temperature orair volume.After nomalizing the resulant microstructure should be pearlite .normalised carbon steel consists of perlite and ferite in hypoeutectoid steelsand of perlite and cementote in hypoeutectoid steels.


















     (D)Hardening--Hardening is a heat treating process in which steel is heated to a temperature above the critical point ,held at this temperature, and then quenched in  water, oil, or molten salt baths.Hypoeutectoid steels are heated from 30 to 50 degree celcius above point Ac3while hypereutectoid steels are heatedabove point Ac1. In ther first case, ferrite+pearlite, and in the second ,pearlite+cementite are transfromed into austenite  upon heating .A considerabale part of the cementite is retained.   











      (E)Tempering--Tempering tretment lowers hardness,strength and ware resistance of the harden steel marginally. Especially  steel is br heating to a high temperature  through below  the melti8ng point , then cooling it  usually in air .The process has the effect of toughening by lessenngbrittleness and reducing internal stresses.The first stage of tempering is also referred to as low temperature tempering. The maximumtemperature to which steel ids heated is restricated to about 250 degree celcius  at this stage.the second stage of tempering consistsof heatingf steel in the temperature range varying from 350 to500 degree celcius. The third  stage of tempering is also popularly known as high temperature tempering. It consist of heating steel within a temperature range of  500 to 680 degree celcius.

























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Tuesday, July 2, 2019

What is lath machine and it's working principale


Working Principale:

                 The lath machine remains undesirable materials from a roasting work in the from of chips. This is done with the help of a tools which is traversed across the work pice and can be fed deep into the work pice.
                   Lath machine holds the work  pice between the two right and strong support called center or in a chuck or face plate in mounted on projected end of the machine spindal.
   The cutting tool is rigidly hold and supported in a tool post and is fed against  the revolving work pice. The tool is made to move eighter paralal to or at an ivolnetion while,the work pice revolves about its own axis.It is fed paralal to the axis a cylindrical surface is obtained. To obtained a traped surface it should be fed inclined a cirten angale.

TYPES OF LATH:---
          (1) Banch Lath -- This lath machine is small in size it is similar to the center lath .It is used to produce simple  small and accrute job.

          (2)Speed Lath  -- It is the simpleset of all the lath machine and it's designed to be operated menualy . It is used for wood working and polishing work.

          (3)Turrate Lath --This lath mechine is considered appropiate for nlarge scale peoduction. This make it possible multiple tools attchments to be attached.

          (4)Tool Room Lath--It is an accruate mechine of highe hpeed range and it similar to the Center Lath mechine.

          (5) Automatic lath--Automatic lath machine usually developed for mass production automatically. fed in raw materials changing tools and fed veering speed and removing the job can be performed automatically.

          (6)T Lath --This type of lath is used for the motor of Jet engine.The shape of the lath look like a english alphabet 'T' that's why it's called T lath.




          (7)Capstan Lath--Capstan Lath is alight duty machine

          (8)Special Purpose Lath--It is multi production machine and it's deigned only for specific operation         
          (9)Engine Lath-- This type of lath machine is commonly devloyd in industries and it used to perform operation such as turning , facing , drilling , boring , thared cutting , etc. It's headstock is bigger in size and robust.
SPECIFICATION OF LATH--
        *The height of the centers measured from the lath bed.
        *Swing diameter over the bed.
        *Swing diameter over the carriage.
        *Maximum bar diameter- this is the maximum diameter that will paas through hadestock spindle.
        *Length of the bed.

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Monday, July 1, 2019

The best place to visit in India to enjoy your travel life.



 Wen you travel your mind will be young forever and your health will get better.So hear a list of tourist place to visit in India .Why are you wetting for? It's time to pack your bag and enjoy your travel life.   

                  


1.TAJ MAHAL,Agra, Uttar Pradesh

     It is one of the 7 wonders of yhe worlds, the TAJ MAHAL is the monument of entenal love of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz. The TAJ MAHAL is the white tomb built in the 17th century by the mughal emperor. It is built in 1632-1653. Agra is a sneak peek into the  Architectural history with another structures such as AGRA FORT  AND FATEHPUR SIKRI.  


                                  











2.GOA

     Goa is the smallest state oh India.it also mostly popular as a travel place.The beach hear attracts peoples mind.Goa beach is most over popular beach not only ion the India ,all over the world.In the Goa beach people come from all over the India.The beauty of the Goa beach is similar in the day time,but during the night the beauty goes more than double.Goa beach is so beautiful in the night party so it makes the travelers mind very happy.


3.JAMMU & KASHMIR

     Kashmir is haven of earth, in it's ice cover, for beautiful mountains.Here are beautiful lake that move along the mountains, attracting peoples mind.The best time to travel to Kashmir is from February to june .Some best place to visit in Kashmir is (a) SRINAGAR , (B) GULMARG , (C) LEH, LADAKH , (D) KASHMIR VELLY.


    









4.KOLKATA

    
     Kolkata is called the City of Places it's also known as city of joy . kolkata is the capital of Indian's West Bengal state .The best travel place in kolkata are (a)Victoria Memorial - The Victoria memorial is the large marbale building. It is dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria. (b) Indian Museum-The Indian Museum is one of the oldest museum of the world . (c)Science City- It is one over the best science museum in all over the world. (d)Eden Garden-Popular as the largest cricket stadium in the  India and second all over the India, and also so meany place in India are Alipore Zoo,Botanical Garden in kolkata, Belur Math etc.


5.HAMPI

     Hampi is the laid-back place with grandiose historical beauty that transport you back in the time . must visit a place in south India.It is the part of South India kingdom of vijaynagar. Hampi is a UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE and also a very impotent historical and religious spot.




     

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Thursday, June 27, 2019

Very easy and effective way to reduce 5 to 10 kg weight in one month

HEALTH IS WEALTH but in the present day people are suffering from various degradation due to their excess weight in  the society and also face in so meany  problem in their daily lifestyle ,so to day we will discuss how we can easily reduce our weight in 30 days.




step 1 :


Waking up in the morning , first drink one glass of lime mixed warm hot water .It increase our digestion power and helps to reduce fat from our body.
step 2:

5 best effective exercise to reduce excessive fat from our body.All type of exercise in the given below  do 20 repetition in 3 set.






1.(SURYA NAMASKAR) 2.(SKIPPING) 3.(SQUAT)
4.(SIT UP) 5.(CRUNCHES)





                                



















step 3:
The main rules for weight loss are being to take proper diet. It is necessary to keep plenty of protein in  the morning meal,it will reduce the demand for all-day meal,for example it is possible to eat 3 egg without eating yum it can be good source of protein. 30 minutes before the water will be drink so that body is well hydrated. You can not drink excess water in the eating time and after the eating.Sugar can not be consumed more  it is not god for health  it increase the amount of insulin in our body. eat some soluble fiber .do not consumed more carbohydrate food. some foods are avoid to reduce weight this are SUGARY DRINKS, FRENCH FRIES and POTATO  CHIPS ,WHITE BREAD, CANDY BARS,ICE CREAM. And the most impotent things is don't take stress ,sleep properly daily  7 to 8 hours ....


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IRON -CARBON EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM

      This diagram is key diagram to explain transformation in alloys from pure iron to iron carbide {cementite}. This diagram has been...